大球盖菇漂烫液喷雾干燥制营养精粉工艺优化

为了充分利用大球盖菇漂烫液的营养成分,对其进行喷雾干燥,并优化其工艺参数,选取热风温度、雾化压力和总固形物质量分数3个因素进行响应面法组合设计,对大球盖菇漂烫液喷雾干燥工艺参数进行优化。结果显示:大球盖菇漂烫液喷雾干燥的较佳工艺条件为β-环糊精添加量15%、进料流量10mL/min、进料温度70℃、热风温度172℃、雾化压力92MPa、总固形物质量分数15%,该条件下大球盖菇漂烫液营养精粉得率为60.26%、抗氧化保留率83.92%、含水率3.2%、溶解时间65s。研究为实现大球盖菇漂烫液的资源化利用提供参考。     

Evaluation of lipid spray beads for the delivery of water-soluble materials to a marine suspension-feeder, the Manila clam Tapes philippinarum (Deshayes 1853)

We describe the development and evaluation of a new microparticle for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to suspension feeders. Spray beads successfully incorporated materials dissolved in an aqueous phase or as dry particulate, within a triacylglyceride bead composed of tripalmitin, 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ triolein, or 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil.
Riboflavin was successfully incorporated (up to 44 mg g⁻¹ lipid) and retained (up to 98% over 24 h in seawater) as dry particles in all three mixtures of lipid. Aqueous oxytetracycline hydrochloride or polymeric dye were incorporated (45.6 mg g⁻¹ lipid and 18.1 mg g⁻¹ lipid, respectively) and retained best (99% and 94%, respectively) in spray beads composed of tripalmitin. The addition of triolein or fish oil to the lipid bead reduced incorporation and retention efficiencies for aqueous core materials by up to 75%.
Manila clam seed readily ingested and digested lipid microparticles, spray beads and lipid-walled microcapsules. Microparticles composed of tripalmitin were excreted with their payloads intact. Intact microparticles composed of 600 mg g⁻¹ tripalmitin/400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil were largely absent in faecal strands suggesting successful release and delivery of microparticle contents to clams.
Spray beads composed of tripalmitin softened with 400 mg g⁻¹ fish oil represent an effective microparticle type for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to aquatic suspension feeders.     

气助式静电喷雾靶标物背部沉积特性

为了研究气助式静电喷雾中，药液雾化特性对其靶标背部沉积效果的影响，采用Ф80mm的西红柿果实作为靶标，配制1g／L的刚果红溶液模拟农药进行喷雾试验．运用OLID测试系统对不同施药条件（气体压力、静电电压、喷雾距离）下药液的雾化特性进行了测试，借助分光光度计定量分析靶标背部沉积量，结合试验结果对药液雾化特性与靶标背部沉积效果的关系进行了分析和讨论．结果表明：非静电喷雾时，雾滴不易粘附于标靶背部，与荷电喷雾时相比，背部沉积量较小可以忽略；在气动力和静电力的前后作用下，雾滴的粒径随气体压力、静电电压的增加而减小且分布愈均匀；增加气体压力、静电电压均可提高药液靶标背部的沉积量，其中静电电压影响最大；荷电啧雾时，雾滴的粒径愈小分布愈均匀有利于荷电药液在靶标物背部沉积．     

旱区农业要大力推广喷灌与滴灌机械化

经过对喷灌与滴灌技术原理的探讨,提出旱区农业要发展推广喷灌和滴灌技术,并就喷灌与滴灌技术应用中的选型、配置、安装等方面的问题作分析。     

凝固型酸奶生产中常出现的问题与质量控制

本文介绍在凝固型酸奶生产中经常遇到的问题及产生原因,并加以研究分析、论述与解决。     

荷电喷雾改善烟气脱硫效果的机理及试验

为了研究荷电喷雾对湿法烟气脱硫的增益作用,探讨荷电雾滴表面特性、荷电特性及运动特性与传质的关系,采用石灰浆荷电雾化的方法进行了荷电喷雾烟气脱硫试验,获得了不同液气比、Ca/S摩尔比和荷电电压下的烟气脱硫效率.结果表明：脱硫效率随着液气比、Ca/S摩尔比、荷电电压的增大而提高,且提高的趋势都在逐渐变缓,提高幅度最大为10%.高压静电场的存在改善了雾滴的表面吸收特性,增加了雾滴表面Ca2＋的含量;荷电雾滴表面张力的减小降低了气体的传质阻力;雾滴带电及非过剩电荷感应极化作用,增加了雾滴吸收SO2的附加作用力;此外,高压静电作用下的二次雾化减小了雾滴粒径,增大了气液接触的总面积;带有同种电荷雾滴之间的相互排斥,雾滴在脱硫塔内部分布均匀.以上诸因素都有利于烟气脱硫效果的改善.     

宽幅变量喷雾机智能控制系统设计

自走式宽幅喷雾机现场作业时,经常由于机组速度的变化导致喷施差异,影响了喷雾效果,甚至造成药害.为此,开发了基于嵌入式处理器和多传感器高效融合的变量喷雾控制系统,实现了喷洒压力和机组行走速度的在线协调控制.系统采用PID参数模糊自整定控制器,可自动根据作业速度调整喷雾压力和喷雾量,提高了单位面积施药量的均匀程度.通过对自主开发的变量喷雾样机进行实验表明,该模糊PID 控制器响应快速、适应性强,能迅速消除系统余差,使变量喷雾控制系统具有良好的动态和稳态特性.     

On-line brush and spray washers to lower numbers of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli and presence of Salmonella on broiler carcasses during processing

It is unclear how effective different types of broiler carcass wash steps are in lowering the presence or numbers of pathogenic bacteria. We tested for individual and combined effectiveness of 5 separate on-line wash steps applied between bleed-out and chilling in a commercial broiler processing plant. Carcasses were sampled directly before and after each wash step: pre-scald brush washer, post-feather pick (New York dressed) spray washer, inside/outside spray washer, postevisceration brush washer, and final prechill spray washer. Carcasses were examined for numbers of Campylobacter and Escherichia coli and presence of Salmonella using standard cultural methods. Overall, numbers of Campylobacter were lowered from log 2.58 to 1.15 cfu/mL of carcass rinse, but no single wash step caused a significant decrease. Overall, Salmonella prevalence was decreased from 80 to 24%; however, no wash step caused a significant decrease by itself. The 5 wash steps in series lowered E. coli numbers from log 4.60 to 2.69 cfu/mL; the New York-dressed spray wash and the postevisceration brush washer each had a significant effect on E. coli. When examined separately, the benefit of broiler carcass wash steps may not be evident. However, when combined with overall processing, wash steps can be effective to lessen bacterial contamination on carcasses and be useful for pathogen control. Additional studies are necessary to maximize the effectiveness of carcass washers.     

喷头和施药液量对水稻植株上农药沉积和药剂防治效果的影响

为明确喷头及施药液量对水稻植株上农药沉积及药剂防治效果的影响,采用丽春红-G示踪法测定了4种喷头ST11001、ST11002、TR8001、TR8002在不同施药液量条件下喷雾农药在水稻植株上的沉积分布特性,并比较了4种喷头施用相同剂量的40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WDG对水稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的防治效果。结果表明,选择ST11002和TR8001喷头,在施药液量300 L/hm~2条件下喷雾,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积量分别达到27.55μg和28.16μg;选择ST11001和TR8002喷头,在施药液量900 L/hm~2条件下喷雾,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积量仅分别为12.27μg和14.86μg。喷头和施药液量的改变不影响水稻植株上农药沉积分布特性,均为上层沉积量中层沉积量下层沉积量。当施药液量从300 L/hm~2增加到900 L/hm~2,4种喷头ST11001、ST11002、TR8001、TR8002喷雾在水稻基部的雾滴密度分别增加了8.21、8.54、7.79和9.69倍;但在相同施药液量下,4种喷头在水稻基部的雾滴密度没有显著差异。同一剂量下,喷头和施药液量不同组合的防治效果间差异显著。表明针对稻田不同防治对象,选择合适的喷头及施药液量将有助于提高农药沉积及防治效果。     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的热处理及应用

探索了等温淬火球墨铸铁的生产工艺,分析了原料化学成分的选择,及铸造工艺中的熔炼、球化和孕育处理、浇注温度对制取球墨铸铁的影响;在获得基体组织合理的球墨铸铁的前提下,重点分析了热处理工艺中的奥氏体化温度、等温淬火温度和时间对ADI组织及性能的影响,通过实验及分析,确定了制取理想ADI的最佳热处理工艺。